CIPS L4M8 問題集

質問 1：
Describe what should be considered when creating damages terms in a contract.
正解：
Damages are 'sum of money that the supplier pays if it fails to carry out its contractual obligation.
When creating terms for damages in the contract, it should be considered that Damages are categorized into two types (liquidated and un-liquidated). And which or if both are applicable to the contract in hand.
Liquidate Damages are fixed amount of money agreed between the parties that is payable if a contract is breached. For example, knowing that supplier not being able to install a device properly in a power transformer may destroy the device and going ahead to include a fee in the contract if the device was destroyed.
Un-liquidated damages are unfixed amount of money. It is used when the amount of money that will compensate the injured party cannot be known in advance. A court decides the amount when the damages occur. For example, knowing that supplier not being able to install a device properly in a power transformer may destroy the device, other appliances and equipment unknown, cause the buyer delay in the process and reputational damage as in customer dissatisfaction. Yet, unquantifiable as both parties are unable to fix a fee in advance on the damages and leaving it to the court to decide the damage if it may occur.

質問 2：
What is needed for a contract to be binding?
正解：
A contract is written or verbal agreement, made between two or more parties that is legally enforceable.
For a contract to be legally binding it must include intention of parties entering into the contracts.
All parties must have the capacity to contract or be contracted.
They must be of a sound mind, there should be a promise (offer) for performance from the other party and an exchange (consideration) of one thing for another within an agreement for contract to be binding, and there must be an acceptance of the offeror's offer by the offeree.

質問 3：
What is CSR policy?
正解：
Corporate Social responsibility (CSR) policies state how organizations aim to contribute towards the community and how an organization portrays itself towards social impacts.

質問 4：
What are advantages and disadvantages of the two types of specifications?
正解：
Ones the need is understood, the procurement professional develops the specifications while working together with stakeholders and colleagues to ensure that the final design is fit for purposes that it meets the generated need.
Specification can be focus on performance or conformance.
Performance specification states what the product or service must do or how it should perform but leave the supplier the freedom to achieve this, however they wish.
Performance specification brings the following advantages; it allows supplier innovation, promote competition in the market place, shorter document, quick to prepare. The disadvantage of perfor-mance specification is that buyers may not know exactly what they will be getting.
Conformance specification gives clear instructions to the supplier about what is required and how it should be achieved. Examples of conformance specifications are chemical formulae, recipes and technical drawings. Conformance specification specifies which standards a requirement must meet or exceed. The advantage of using it is; buyers know exactly what they will get. It has the following disadvantages; the buyer bears the risk, it does not encourage supplier to innovate, take longer and complex documentation.

質問 5：
Which theory relates to the 3Ps
正解：
Trying to measure how sustainable an organization was use to be challenging undertaking. However, during the 1990s, a concept brought up by American John Elkington change the way sustainability was measured. This framework is known as the triple bottom line (TBL) and measures sustainability in relation to organizational performance and investment against the 3Ps (1) Profits (2) People (3) Planet. For example; Profit: A packaging manufacturer reinventing its profits in a State- of-the-art recycling machinery for it wasted cardboard.
People: A large privately owned call centre donate its end of life computers to a local youth clubs and social groups to help gain internet cases.

質問 6：
Which Incoterm applies here?
The supplier is responsible for delivering the goods directly onto the vessel that will transport them to their named destination. As soon as the goods are on the vessel, the risk transfers to the buyer
A. CIF - Cost Insurance and Freight
B. DAP - Cost and Freight
C. FOB - Free On Board
D. FAS - Free Alongside Ship
正解：C

質問 7：
What Incoterm applies here?
The supplier is responsible for delivering the goods to a carrier or to an intermediate agreed place. From this point, the buyer is responsible for ensuring these goods reach their named destination.
A. CIP - Carriage and Insurance Paid to
B. EXW - Ex Works
C. CPT - Carriage Paid To
D. FCA - Free Career
正解：C

質問 8：
Describe three ways in which a supplier could improve the effect its company has on the environ-ment.
正解：
Responsible and ethical sourcing promotes working with suppliers who want to have a positive effect on the environment or at least minimize the damage they cause. Suppliers can make effort to reduce their impact on the planet through reducing the pollution, taking steps to recycle or reuse products can improve on supplier's impact on the environment, also supplier can consider sustainability as another environmental factor. Suppliers with strong values on ethics will have a programme to return anything taken from nature in the form of replanting or replacing.