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Admission Test Section One : Verbal 認定 GRE-Verbal 試験問題:

1. Late Victorian and modern ideas of culture are indebted to Matthew Arnold, who, largely through his
Culture and Anarchy (1869), placed the word at the center of debates about the goals of intellectual life
and humanistic society. Arnold defined culture as "the pursuit of perfection by getting to know the best
which has been thought and said." Through this knowledge, Arnold hoped, we can turn "a fresh and free
thought upon our stock notions and habits." Although Arnold helped to define the purposes of the liberal
arts curriculum in the century following the publication of Culture, three concrete forms of dissent from his
views have had considerable impact of their own. The first protests Arnold's fearful designation of
"anarchy" as culture's enemy, viewing this dichotomy simply as another version of the struggle between a
privileged power structure and radical challenges to its authority. But while Arnold certainly tried to define
the arch-the legitimizing order of value-against the anarch of existentialist democracy, he himself was
plagued in his soul by the blind arrogances of the reactionary powers in his world. The writer who
regarded the contemporary condition with such apprehension in Culture is the poet who wrote "Dover
Beach," not an ideologue rounding up all the usual modern suspects. Another form of opposition saw
Arnold's culture as a perverse perpetuation of classical and literary learning, outlook, and privileges in a
world where science had become the new arch and from which any substantively new order of thinking
must develop. At the center of the "two cultures" debate were the goals of the formal educational
curriculum, the principal vehicle through which Arnoldian culture operates. However, Arnold himself had
viewed culture as enacting its life in a much more broadly conceived set of institutions. A third form is
so-called "multiculturalism," a movement aimed largely at gaining recognition for voices and visions that
Arnoldian culture has implicitly suppressed. In educational practice, multiculturalists are interested in
deflating the imperious authority that "high culture" exercises over curriculum while bringing into play the
principle that we must learn what is representative, for we have overemphasized what is exceptional.
Though the multiculturalists' conflict with Arnoldian culture has clear affinities with the radical critique,
multiculturalism actually affirms Arnold by returning us more specifically to a tension inherent in the idea
of culture rather than to the cultureanarchy dichotomy. The social critics, defenders of science, and
multiculturalists insist that Arnold's culture is simply a device for ordering us about. Instead, however, it is
designed to register the gathering of ideological clouds on the horizon. There is no utopian motive in
Arnold's celebration of perfection. Perfection mattered to Arnold as the only background against which we
could form a just image of our actual circumstances, just as we can conceive finer sunsets and unheard
melodies.
The author's primary concern in the passage is to

A) describe Arnold's conception of culture
B) examine the different views of culture that have emerged since the eighteenth century
C) explain why Arnold considered the pursuit of perfection to be the essence of culture
D) trace Arnold's influence on the liberal arts educational curriculum
E) argue against those who have opposed Arnold's ideas

2. When using a metal file, always remember to bear down on the forward stroke only. On the return stroke,
lift the file clear of the surface to avoid dulling the instrument's teeth.
Only when working on very soft metals is it advisable to drag the file's teeth slightly on the return stroke.
This helps clear out metal pieces from between the teeth. It is best to bear down just hard enough to keep
the file cutting at all times. Too little pressure uses only the tips of the teeth; too much pressure can chip
the teeth. Move the file in straight lines across the surface. Use a vice to grip the work so that your hands
are free to hold the file. Protect your hands by equipping the file with a handle. Buy a wooden handle and
install it by inserting the pointed end of the file into the handle hole.
Protect your hands by-

A) using a vise
B) wearing safety gloves
C) installing a handle
D) dragging the teeth on the backstroke
E) dulling the teeth

3. SHIP : ARMADA ::

A) sail : wind
B) violin : viola
C) gun : cannon
D) chemical : reaction
E) atom : molecule

4. Radiative forcings are changes imposed on the planetary energy balance; radiative feedbacks are
changes induced by climate change. Forcings can arise from either natural or anthropogenic causes. For
example, the concentration of sulfate aerosols in the atmosphere can be altered by volcanic action or by
the burning of fossil fuels. The distinction between forcings and feedbacks is sometimes arbitrary;
however, forcings are quantities normally specified in global climate model simulations, while feedbacks
are calculated quantities. Examples of radiative forcings are greenhouse gases (such as carbon dioxide
and ozone), aerosols in the troposphere, and surface reflectivity. Radiative feedbacks include clouds,
water vapor in the troposphere, and sea-ice cover. The effects of forcings and feedbacks on climate are
complex. For example, clouds trap outgoing radiation, thus providing a warming influence, while also
reflecting incoming solar radiation and, thereby, providing a cooling influence. Current measurements
indicate that the net effect of clouds is to cool the earth. However, scientists are unsure if the balance will
shift in the future as the atmosphere and cloud formation are altered by the accumulation of greenhouse
gases. Similarly, the vertical distribution of ozone affects both the amount of radiation reaching the earth's
surface and the amount of reradiated radiation that is trapped by the greenhouse effect. These two
mechanisms affect the earth's temperature in opposite directions.
According to the passage, radiative forcings and radiative feedbacks can generally be distinguished from
each other by

A) whether the amount of radiative change is specified or calculated
B) the precision with which the amounts of radiative change can be determined
C) the altitude at which the radiative change occurs
D) whether the radiative change is directed toward or away from the earth
E) whether the radiative change is global or more localized

5. Conflict had existed between Spain and England since the 1570s. England wanted a share of the wealth
that Spain had been taking from the lands it had claimed in the Americas.
Elizabeth I, Queen of England, encouraged her staunch admiral of the navy, Sir Francis Drake, to raid
Spanish ships and towns. Though these raids were on a small scale, Drake achieved dramatic success,
adding gold and silver to England's treasury and diminishing Spain's omnipotence. Religious differences
also caused conflict between the two countries. Whereas Spain was Roman Catholic, most of England
had become Protestant.
King Philip II of Spain wanted to claim the throne and make England a Catholic country again. To satisfy
his ambition and also to retaliate against England's theft of his gold and silver, King Philip began to build
his fleet of warships, the Armada, in January 1586.
Philip intended his fleet to be indestructible. In addition to building new warships, he marshaled one
hundred and thirty sailing vessels of all types and recruited more than nineteen thousand robust soldiers
and eight thousand sailors. Although some of his ships lacked guns and others lacked ammunition, Philip
was convinced that his Armada could withstand any battle with England. The martial Armada set sail from
Lisbon, Portugal, on May 9,1588, but bad weather forced it back to port. The voyage resumed on July 22
after the weather became more stable. The Spanish fleet met the smaller, faster, and more maneuverable
English ships in battle off the coast of Plymouth, England, first on July 31 and again on August 2. The two
battles left Spain vulnerable, having lost several ships and with its ammunition depleted. On August 7,
while the Armada lay at anchor on the
French side of the Strait of Dover, England sent eight burning ships into the midst of the
Spanish fleet to set it on fire. Blocked on one side, the Spanish ships could only drift away, their crews in
panic and disorder. Before the Armada could regroup, the English attacked again on August 8. Although
the Spaniards made a valiant effort to fight back, the fleet suffered extensive damage. During the eight
hours of battle, the Armada drifted perilously close to the rocky coastline. At the moment when it seemed
that the Spanish ships would be driven onto the English shore, the wind shifted, and the Armada drifted
out into the North Sea. The Spaniards recognized the superiority of the English fleet and returned home,
defeated
The two battles left the Spanish fleet ____.

A) triumphant
B) open to attack
C) open to change
D) defeated
E) discouraged

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